High Levels May Indicate:

• Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) – Infections in the bladder, urethra, or kidneys trigger an immune response, leading to increased white blood cells in the urine.
• Kidney Infection (Pyelonephritis) – A more severe bacterial infection that has ascended to the kidney often results in high leukocyte counts in the urine.
• Kidney Stones or Obstructions – The irritation and inflammation caused by stones or urinary blockages can lead to elevated levels of leukocytes.
• Inflammatory Conditions – Systemic or localized inflammatory disorders, including autoimmune diseases, can sometimes manifest as increased leukocytes in urine.
• Pelvic or Urinary Tract Malignancies – Although less common, tumors affecting the urinary system can cause inflammatory reactions that raise leukocyte levels.

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Low Levels May Indicate:

• Normal Physiology – Few or no white blood cells in urine are considered normal and reflect a healthy urinary tract without significant inflammation or infection.
• Minor Contamination or Transient Changes – Occasional trace amounts may occur without underlying pathology, often due to mild irritation or sample contamination.

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Life-Phase Considerations:

• Children & Adolescents – Leukocyte levels usually remain very low; transient elevations may occur during brief episodes of infection or minor trauma.
• Adults – A persistent or significant elevation in leukocytes warrants evaluation for UTIs, kidney issues, or other inflammatory conditions.
• Elderly – Even modest increases in leukocytes can be significant due to age-related changes in immune function and a higher risk for urinary tract complications.

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